Comment Faciliter L'entrepreneuriat Féminin en Réduisant L'inégalité Des Sexes: Le Rôle des Incubateurs

Liam Coolican, University of Notre Dame

Le Soleil du Désert et les Clôtures Barbelées: La route Marocaine de l’Afrique sub-saharien à l’Europe

Linnea Kedziora, College of Wooster

Abstract
Since the creation of the Schengen Zone with its restrictions on who can receive a visa to most of the European Union, Sub-Saharen Africans looking to settle in Europe without a visa must participate in irregular migration. One of the few routes that avoids significant travel by boat is to cross the land border between Morocco and Spain in the Rif mountain region. To do this, Sub-Saharan migrants must first cross the Sahara desert. This is a costly voyage and once migrants arrive in Morocco, they may have to spend time searching for work. Once they are ready to cross the border into Spain, they must get past razor wire fences, rough natural terrain, and armed border guards.

In this study, I will explore the history of this migratory route. I ask how the violence at the Morroco-Spanish border developed. To explore this, one must center the voices of thee migrants whose human rights are being violated while they are being pulled northwards towards Europe by the idea of more opportunity. I will use secondary sources and first-person accounts that discuss the place of transitory migrants in Moroccan culture, the political history of both international human rights law and the specific laws surrounding the Morocco-Spanish border, and the human experience of this journey.